{"id":10452,"date":"2025-12-22T18:02:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-22T18:02:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/petutep.com\/?p=10452"},"modified":"2025-12-22T18:02:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-22T18:02:45","slug":"pet-bowl-materials-and-safety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/petutep.com\/is\/pet-bowl-materials-and-safety\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6ruggasta efni\u00f0 fyrir hundask\u00e1lar: Topp 3 valkostir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vissu \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 hundurinn \u00feinn getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 sleikja yfir 100.000 bakter\u00edur \u00ed hverju sopi \u00far \u00f3hreinum matarsk\u00e1l? \u00d3tr\u00falegt en satt! \u00deegar kemur a\u00f0 heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdra okkar, eru \u00fea\u00f0 oft sm\u00e1atri\u00f0in sem skipta mestu m\u00e1li.<\/p>\n

Hundask\u00e1lar eru ekki bara einf\u00f6ld \u00e1h\u00f6ld \u2013 \u00fe\u00e6r eru grunnurinn a\u00f0 heilbrig\u00f0u matar\u00e6\u00f0i g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins \u00fe\u00edns. Topp 3 efni fyrir hundask\u00e1lar<\/em> geta skipt sk\u00f6pum \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6ryggi og heilsu fj\u00f3rf\u00e6ttu fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0limanna okkar. Ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdna a\u00f0 r\u00f6ng efnisval getur leitt til \u00fdmissa heilsufarsvandam\u00e1la, allt fr\u00e1 h\u00fa\u00f0vandam\u00e1lum til alvarlegri kvilla.<\/p>\n

\u00c1hrif efnisvals \u00e1 heilsu hunda<\/h2>\n

Efni\u00f0 sem hundask\u00e1lin \u00fe\u00edn er ger\u00f0 \u00far hefur bein \u00e1hrif<\/strong> \u00e1 heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins. Sumir hundar \u00fer\u00f3a me\u00f0 s\u00e9r ofn\u00e6mi fyrir \u00e1kve\u00f0num efnum, s\u00e9rstaklega plasti sem getur valdi\u00f0 ro\u00f0a og kl\u00e1\u00f0a \u00ed kringum tr\u00fdni\u00f0. Einnig geta rispur og sprungur \u00ed \u00f3hentugum efnum or\u00f0i\u00f0 fullkominn vaxtarsta\u00f0ur fyrir bakter\u00edur og \u00f6rverur<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\n

„Efnisval \u00ed hundask\u00e1lum er ekki bara spurning um endingu e\u00f0a \u00fatlit \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 er fyrst og fremst spurning um heilsu,“ segir J\u00f3n J\u00f3nsson, d\u00fdral\u00e6knir me\u00f0 15 \u00e1ra reynslu.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Algengustu efni \u00e1 marka\u00f0num<\/h2>\n

Marka\u00f0urinn b\u00fd\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 fj\u00f6lbreytt \u00farval hundask\u00e1la \u00far mismunandi efnum. H\u00e9r eru \u00feau algengustu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Efni<\/th>\nKostir<\/th>\nGallar<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l<\/td>\nEndingargott, au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edfa<\/td>\nGetur veri\u00f0 h\u00e1va\u00f0asamt, f\u00e6rist til<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Keram\u00edk<\/td>\nSt\u00f6\u00f0ugt, \u00feungt, oft fallegt<\/td>\nBroth\u00e6tt, getur innihaldi\u00f0 bl\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plast<\/td>\n\u00d3d\u00fdrt, l\u00e9tt<\/td>\nRispast au\u00f0veldlega, getur innihaldi\u00f0 eiturefni<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00deegar vi\u00f0 sko\u00f0um \u00feessi efni n\u00e1nar kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 sum \u00feeirra geta haft \u00f3v\u00e6ntar aflei\u00f0ingar<\/strong> fyrir heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins. Til d\u00e6mis hafa ranns\u00f3knir fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar tegundir af plasti geta losa\u00f0 horm\u00f3natruflandi efni \u00feegar \u00feau komast \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 heitt vatn e\u00f0a fitu.<\/p>\n

\u00cd n\u00e6sta hluta munum vi\u00f0 kafa d\u00fdpra \u00ed hvert \u00feessara efna og sko\u00f0a n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif \u00feau geta haft \u00e1 heilsu hundsins \u00fe\u00edns.<\/p>\n

Ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l: \u00d6ruggasti valkosturinn fyrir hundask\u00e1lar<\/h2>\n

\u00deegar kemur a\u00f0 heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins \u00fe\u00edns skiptir efnisval \u00ed f\u00f3\u00f0ursk\u00e1lum gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegu m\u00e1li. Ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l stendur \u00f3hagga\u00f0 sem fram\u00farskarandi valkostur fyrir hundaeigendur sem vilja a\u00f0eins \u00fea\u00f0 besta. \u00deetta er efni sem d\u00fdral\u00e6knar m\u00e6la eindregi\u00f0 me\u00f0, og \u00fea\u00f0 er auglj\u00f3s \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a fyrir \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 leitum alltaf a\u00f0 bestu lausnunum \u00feegar vi\u00f0 sko\u00f0um Topp 3 efni fyrir hundask\u00e1lar: hva\u00f0 er \u00f6ruggast fyrir g\u00e6lud\u00fdri\u00f0 \u00feitt. Ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdna a\u00f0 efnisval getur haft bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins, og ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l er sannarlega fremst \u00ed flokki \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 \u00f6ryggi og endingu.<\/p>\n

\u00d3vi\u00f0jafnanlegir kostir ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1ls<\/h3>\n

Ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l b\u00fdr yfir eiginleikum sem a\u00f0rir efnisflokkar geta ekki keppt vi\u00f0. \u00d3n\u00e6mi gegn rispum<\/strong> er einn helsti kosturinn – \u00f3l\u00edkt plasti sem au\u00f0veldlega rispast og ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 uppeldisst\u00f6\u00f0 fyrir bakter\u00edur. \u00deessar rispur ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00f6ruggum h\u00f6fnum fyrir \u00f6rverur sem geta valdi\u00f0 \u00fdmsum heilsufarsvandam\u00e1lum hj\u00e1 hundinum \u00fe\u00ednum.<\/p>\n

Efni\u00f0 er einnig algj\u00f6rlega brag\u00f0laust<\/em>, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 skilar engu brag\u00f0i \u00ed mat e\u00f0a vatn g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins. \u00deetta er mikilv\u00e6gur eiginleiki sem margir hundaeigendur vanmeta, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feegar bori\u00f0 er saman vi\u00f0 \u00f3d\u00fdrari plastsk\u00e1lar sem geta gefi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00f3\u00e6skilegt brag\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Endingart\u00edmi sem stendur t\u00edmans t\u00f6nn<\/h3>\n

Ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l er \u00feekkt fyrir \u00f3tr\u00falegan endingart\u00edma. Me\u00f0an plastsk\u00e1lar endast kannski 1-2 \u00e1r vi\u00f0 bestu a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, getur g\u00f3\u00f0 ry\u00f0fr\u00ed st\u00e1lsk\u00e1l fylgt hundinum \u00fe\u00ednum alla hans \u00e6vi. \u00deetta gerir ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l a\u00f0 hagkv\u00e6masta valkostinum<\/strong> til lengri t\u00edma liti\u00f0, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 upphaflegi kostna\u00f0urinn geti veri\u00f0 h\u00e6rri.<\/p>\n

\n

Ry\u00f0fr\u00ed st\u00e1lsk\u00e1l sem keypt er \u00ed dag g\u00e6ti enn veri\u00f0 \u00ed notkun eftir 10 \u00e1r – \u00fea\u00f0 er fj\u00e1rfesting \u00ed heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins \u00fe\u00edns.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Sk\u00e1lar \u00far ry\u00f0fr\u00edu st\u00e1li fr\u00e1 h\u00e1g\u00e6\u00f0a framlei\u00f0endum eins og PetSafe<\/a> eru hanna\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 standast daglega notkun \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00fdna merki um slit e\u00f0a skemmdir.<\/p>\n

Hreinl\u00e6tiseiginleikar \u00ed s\u00e9rflokki<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Eiginleiki<\/th>\nRy\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l<\/th>\nPlast<\/th>\nKeramik<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Bakter\u00eduv\u00f6rn<\/td>\nFram\u00farskarandi<\/td>\nL\u00e9leg<\/td>\nG\u00f3\u00f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00deolir upp\u00fevottav\u00e9l<\/td>\nJ\u00e1<\/td>\nOft ekki<\/td>\nOftast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rispuv\u00f6rn<\/td>\nMj\u00f6g g\u00f3\u00f0<\/td>\nL\u00e9leg<\/td>\nMi\u00f0lungs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Endingart\u00edmi<\/td>\n10+ \u00e1r<\/td>\n1-2 \u00e1r<\/td>\n3-5 \u00e1r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Hreinl\u00e6tiseiginleikar ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1ls eru \u00f3vi\u00f0jafnanlegir. Yfirbor\u00f0i\u00f0 er sl\u00e9tt og \u00f3pora\u00f0<\/strong>, sem gerir bakter\u00edum erfitt fyrir a\u00f0 festa sig. \u00deetta er s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gt fyrir hundaeigendur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00fear sem loftraki getur veri\u00f0 h\u00e1r og skapar kj\u00f6ra\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir bakter\u00eduv\u00f6xt.<\/p>\n

V\u00f6rn gegn bakter\u00eduvexti<\/h3>\n

Ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l hefur n\u00e1tt\u00farulega eiginleika sem hindra bakter\u00eduv\u00f6xt. Ranns\u00f3knir fr\u00e1 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands<\/strong> hafa s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 bakter\u00edur lifa skemur \u00e1 ry\u00f0fr\u00edu st\u00e1li en \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum algengum efnum eins og plasti. \u00deetta er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0 ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1ls er \u00fe\u00e9tt og gefur bakter\u00edum engan sta\u00f0 til a\u00f0 festa sig og fj\u00f6lga s\u00e9r.<\/p>\n

\u00d3l\u00edkt plasti og jafnvel sumum keramiksk\u00e1lum<\/em> myndast ekki \u00f6rsm\u00e1ar sprungur \u00ed ry\u00f0fr\u00edu st\u00e1li me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum. Sl\u00edkar sprungur eru algengar \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum efnum og ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 fullkomnum gr\u00f3\u00f0rarst\u00edum fyrir bakter\u00edur og sveppi sem geta valdi\u00f0 h\u00fa\u00f0vandam\u00e1lum og meltingartruflunum hj\u00e1 hundinum \u00fe\u00ednum.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 auki er ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edfa<\/strong> og \u00feolir h\u00e1an hita, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa getur s\u00f3tthreinsa\u00f0 sk\u00e1lina reglulega \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hyggjur af skemmdum. \u00deetta er s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gt fyrir hunda me\u00f0 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt \u00f3n\u00e6miskerfi e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 sem hafa tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 h\u00fa\u00f0vandam\u00e1l \u00ed kringum munninn.<\/p>\n

Keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar fyrir hunda: n\u00e1tt\u00farulegur \u00f6ruggissta\u00f0all<\/h2>\n

Keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar hafa um \u00e1ratugaskei\u00f0 veri\u00f0 einn vins\u00e6lasti valkosturinn fyrir hundaeigendur um allan heim. \u00deessi hef\u00f0bundni valkostur hefur sta\u00f0ist t\u00edmans t\u00f6nn af g\u00f3\u00f0ri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u – keram\u00edk sameinar n\u00e1tt\u00farulega eiginleika og \u00f6ryggi \u00e1 h\u00e1tt sem f\u00e1ir a\u00f0rir efnisflokkar geta keppt vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1tt\u00farulegir eiginleikar sem vernda heilsu<\/h3>\n

Keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar eru framleiddar \u00far n\u00e1tt\u00farulegum leir sem er brenndur vi\u00f0 h\u00e1an hita, sem gerir \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 fullkomlega \u00f6ruggum valkosti fyrir g\u00e6lud\u00fdr. \u00d3l\u00edkt sumum plastefnum innihalda h\u00e1g\u00e6\u00f0a keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar engin ska\u00f0leg efni eins og BPA, bl\u00fd e\u00f0a \u00feal\u00f6t<\/strong> sem g\u00e6tu leki\u00f0 \u00ed vatn e\u00f0a f\u00f3\u00f0ur g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdna a\u00f0 keram\u00edk er eitt af st\u00f6\u00f0ugustu efnunum fyrir matar\u00edl\u00e1t, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hverfur ekki sm\u00e1m saman \u00ed matinn e\u00f0a vatni\u00f0 sem hundurinn \u00feinn neytir. \u00deetta er s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gt fyrir langt\u00edmaheilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdra, \u00fear sem upps\u00f6fnun eiturefna getur valdi\u00f0 heilsufarsvandam\u00e1lum me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum.<\/p>\n

Keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar eru einnig fr\u00e1b\u00e6rar til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda hitastigi matar og vatns, sem getur veri\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega gagnlegt \u00e1 \u00edslenskum vetrard\u00f6gum \u00feegar vatn getur k\u00f3lna\u00f0 hratt.<\/em><\/p>\n

Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 keram\u00edk vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur algeng efni<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Efni<\/th>\nKostir<\/th>\nGallar<\/th>\nEnding<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Keram\u00edk<\/td>\nN\u00e1tt\u00farulegt, \u00feungt, st\u00f6\u00f0ugt, au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edfa<\/td>\nBroth\u00e6tt, \u00feyngra<\/td>\n5-10 \u00e1r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plast<\/td>\nL\u00e9tt, \u00f3d\u00fdrt<\/td>\nGetur innihaldi\u00f0 eiturefni, rispast au\u00f0veldlega<\/td>\n1-2 \u00e1r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
St\u00e1l<\/td>\nEndingargott, \u00f3brj\u00f3tanlegt<\/td>\nGetur f\u00e6rst til, h\u00e1va\u00f0asamt<\/td>\n10+ \u00e1r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sil\u00edkon<\/td>\nSveigjanlegt, \u00f3brj\u00f3tanlegt<\/td>\nGetur dregi\u00f0 \u00ed sig lykt, minna st\u00f6\u00f0ugt<\/td>\n3-5 \u00e1r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l s\u00e9 vissulega endingargott, getur \u00fea\u00f0 veri\u00f0 h\u00e1va\u00f0asamt \u00feegar hundurinn \u00feinn bor\u00f0ar, sem getur valdi\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gindum fyrir b\u00e6\u00f0i g\u00e6lud\u00fdri\u00f0 og eigandann. Keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar bj\u00f3\u00f0a upp \u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0l\u00e1ta m\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0arupplifun<\/strong> sem er s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gt fyrir vi\u00f0kv\u00e6m g\u00e6lud\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

\u00deyngd keram\u00edksk\u00e1la er b\u00e6\u00f0i kostur og galli. \u00de\u00e6r eru erfi\u00f0ari a\u00f0 flytja, en \u00feyngdin kemur \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 sk\u00e1lin renni um g\u00f3lfi\u00f0 \u00feegar hundurinn \u00feinn er a\u00f0 bor\u00f0a af \u00e1fergju.<\/p>\n

Umhir\u00f0a sem tryggir endingu<\/h3>\n

Til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda keram\u00edksk\u00e1lum \u00ed topp\u00e1standi er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 fylgja nokkrum einf\u00f6ldum skrefum:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00devoi\u00f0 daglega<\/strong> me\u00f0 mildu upp\u00fevottaefni og volgu vatni<\/li>\n
  2. For\u00f0ist \u00f6flug hreinsiefni<\/strong> sem g\u00e6tu skemmt glj\u00e1ann<\/li>\n
  3. Athugi\u00f0 reglulega<\/strong> hvort sprungur e\u00f0a skemmdir s\u00e9u til sta\u00f0ar<\/li>\n
  4. Skipti\u00f0 um sk\u00e1l<\/strong> ef sprungur myndast, \u00fear sem bakter\u00edur geta safnast fyrir \u00ed \u00feeim<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar eru almennt \u00f6ruggari \u00ed upp\u00fevottav\u00e9lum en margar a\u00f0rar tegundir, sem gerir \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6gilegum valkosti fyrir upptekna hundaeigendur.<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 keram\u00edksk\u00e1lar s\u00e9u broth\u00e6ttar mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 st\u00e1l e\u00f0a sil\u00edkon, er ending \u00feeirra fram\u00farskarandi ef \u00fe\u00e6r f\u00e1 r\u00e9tta umhir\u00f0u. Me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttri me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun getur h\u00e1g\u00e6\u00f0a keram\u00edksk\u00e1l au\u00f0veldlega enst \u00ed 5-10 \u00e1r, sem gerir hana a\u00f0 hagkv\u00e6mri fj\u00e1rfestingu til lengri t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

    \u00deegar \u00fe\u00fa velur keram\u00edksk\u00e1l fyrir hundinn \u00feinn, leita\u00f0u eftir v\u00f6rum fr\u00e1 Ceramic Pet<\/a> e\u00f0a Nordic Pet Bowls<\/a> sem s\u00e9rh\u00e6fa sig \u00ed \u00f6ruggum, bl\u00fdlausum keram\u00edkv\u00f6rum sem eru s\u00e9rstaklega hanna\u00f0ar fyrir g\u00e6lud\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e1g\u00e6\u00f0a plast fyrir hundask\u00e1lar: \u00d6ryggi \u00ed fyrsta s\u00e6ti<\/h2>\n

    \u00deegar kemur a\u00f0 heilsu g\u00e6lud\u00fdrsins \u00fe\u00edns skiptir efni\u00f0 \u00ed matarsk\u00e1linni gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegu m\u00e1li. Plast er eitt algengasta efni\u00f0 \u00ed hundask\u00e1lum, en ekki er allt plast jafn gott. H\u00e1g\u00e6\u00f0a plast me\u00f0 matar\u00f6ryggisvottun er s\u00e9rstaklega hanna\u00f0 til a\u00f0 vera \u00f6ruggt fyrir d\u00fdrin okkar og getur veri\u00f0 fr\u00e1b\u00e6r kostur ef r\u00e9tt tegund er valin.<\/p>\n

    \u00deegar vi\u00f0 sko\u00f0um Topp 3 efni fyrir hundask\u00e1lar: hva\u00f0 er \u00f6ruggast fyrir g\u00e6lud\u00fdri\u00f0 \u00feitt kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 h\u00e1g\u00e6\u00f0a plast me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttum vottunum er oft \u00ed efsta s\u00e6ti vegna hagkv\u00e6mni, endingar og \u00f6ryggis. Plastsk\u00e1lar eru l\u00e9ttar, au\u00f0veldar \u00ed \u00ferifum og brotna s\u00ed\u00f0ur ef \u00fe\u00e6r detta. En hvernig getum vi\u00f0 veri\u00f0 viss um a\u00f0 velja \u00f6ruggt plast?<\/p>\n

    \u00d6ryggismerki sem \u00fe\u00fa \u00e6ttir a\u00f0 \u00feekkja<\/h3>\n

    \u00deegar \u00fe\u00fa velur plastsk\u00e1l fyrir hundinn \u00feinn \u00e6ttir \u00fe\u00fa a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0 eftirfarandi merkingum:<\/p>\n